Gender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay - 1209 Words

Gender Inequality in the Workplace The generation now has made it easier to equalize men and women but there is still a substantial amount of places where gender inequality is still happening in the workplace and where females still face discrimination. Women are often discriminated in the workplace and are usually not promoted as quickly as men are and they also receive less pay. History shows that women have not always been defined as property and thought of as second class citizens. But in the 21st century many have seen a drastic change in the so called â€Å"traditional† family ways where women are suppose to stay home and take care of the household chores, food, and children and men are suppose to work to support their family and provide financial stability. Many assume that in the workplace women are more vulnerable and less competent than men because women s instincts are to put their family before work or anything else. Whereas men are the ones who will usually stay the late hours to work. People on bo th sides of the political spectrum and everywhere in between seem to be fearful of what is to come and more fearful of others than they are often willing to admit. In the midst of this conflicted cultural moment, our generation is often pointed to as part of the problem but it doesn t end there one of the biggest social problems in society that still remains from passed down generations is the act of discrimination against women. When it came to voting, women wereShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within The Workplace1379 Words   |  6 Pages  Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths of the sexes. In the workplace Income disparities linked to job stratification Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work butRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement of promoting gender equality is exponentially growing every year; however, gender inequality is still a persistent problem in today’s workforce. Each year, gender inequality, especially employment equity, the distinct barrier between genders in the workforce, has become a topic of contention as its affecting working individuals worldwide, especially women. Before examining this problem, we must further understand what gender inequality is in the workplace. Gender inequality is an ascriptive factorRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 Pagesalways been praised for freedom and equality. However, there is a notable area of inequality in the workforce: the gender pay gap. In the Unites States, a woman makes, on average, a mere 78 cents to the dollar earned by a man. This statistic has remained steady and has only seen a small 18 cent increase in the past few decades. A majority of the wage gap is due to unsound social biases. Because gender inequality in the workforce is fueled by complex factors such as biases, it requires a complexRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Workplace2144 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough over time it is clear to see that gender inequality is becoming a smaller problem in today’s society, it must also be noted that it does still exist, even in the most developed parts of the world. The UNDP, 1997 in its Human Development report, stated that ‘no society treats its women as well as its men’ and to some extent this is true. However, in this essay I will be discussing different opinions and related studies in order to come to a conclusion regarding the truth behind this commentRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same duties. Gender inequalities are a huge factor in th e workplace. There is a lot of tension when it comes to women being over worked. The amount of responsibilities that women have, from work to home and everything in between, is ridiculous and it is all based on the gender roles that society has developed. Lastly, what really triggers feminism is the world expecting all women to portray themselves as sex objects and then to getting criticized for it. Understanding sex, gender, how they linkRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender inequality in the workplace has always existed, but I don t know that you could say it s getting worse, you could say that it is spreading to new fields as they are coming into existence. The STEM fields we have today such as, Cyber Security, Cyber Gaming, and Nanotechnology are still very young fields but gender inequality has still managed to take a foothold in these new fields. This is probably the best place to start the movement toward equality because many of th ese fields simply relyRead MoreAchieving Gender Inequality Within The American Workplace Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagespercentages of women in leadership roles will help secure gender inequality within the American workplace which is currently not present. In the workplace it can be especially difficult for women to reach positions of great power because they’re often targets of discrimination and disrespect. In the essay Lean In: What Would You Do If You Weren’t Afraid? Sheryl Sandberg gave us her experience of her feeling this gender discrimination at her workplace. Sandberg that she was listening to a guest of honorRead MoreGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pages101 December 9, 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? Inequality is when there are two things that are not the same. For example, antonyms, they are when two objects don t have similar qualities. This means there are differences between the two. It can be beneficial or very discriminating. The definition for gender inequality is the unequal treatment, or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Gender inequality is between the male andRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many socialRead MoreGender Inequality In Australia Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant partner, who belongs primarily to the public sphere. These historic gender norms have been deeply imbedded within Australia’s social foundation, and although society has gradually shifted away from these roles, evidence suggests that this gender inequality still riddles the modern day workplace. Liberal feminist groups have embraced this issue, and have classified it as being a true barrier to achieving the ultimate gend er equality goal. Consequently, these liberal feminists along with general

Common Pro-Death Penalty Arguments

Essay on Introduction to Computing

Essay on Introduction to Computing Networking computers Introduction Computer networking is a term that is used to refer to the interconnection of computers so as to facilitate communication and share resources. Computer networks can be classified according to a variety of characteristics such as the medium which is used to transport data. Networks can also be classified depending on the method of connection used. We can have wired computer networks or wireless computer networks. A wired computer network uses cables to interconnect different computers in the setup while the wireless networks do not use any kind of physical connection. In wireless networks we can use Bluetooth, infrared rays and other forms of radio waves to send signals across the networks. Networks can also be classified according to the type of topology which is used for the connection. There are several types of topologies which can be used. They include: Types of topologies Network topology is the layout which is used for the interconnections of the computer nodes in a network. The most common types of layouts which are in use include: A bus network – in this setup, all nodes are connected to a common medium. The medium then interconnects all the other computers in the network. Star network – all the nodes are connected to a central node. The node serves as the core of the network whereby all communications to the rest of the network must pass through. Ring network – in this setup, each node is connected to its adjacent neighbor. The communications can be either leftwards or rightwards of each node. Mesh network – this is a situation whereby each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbors so that there is more than one channel of communication for every node in the network. There are two types of networking namely: Peer-to-peer networking A network can be referred to as peer-to-peer if most of the computers in the network are similar and run workstation operating systems. In a Peer-to-peer networking, each computer holds its files and resources. Other computers in the network can then be able to access these resources through a wired or a wireless channel. A computer containing some given set of information has to be turned on so that other computers can be able to access these resources. Client/Server Networking A computer network can be called a client/server if at least on of the computers in the network is being used to serve other computers in the network. The server must have higher specifications than the clients that it is to serve. In this setup, each computer will still hold its resources but there are some files that are centralized and they are usually found in the server. This type of setup has very many advantages over the peer-peer network since controlling and managing of resources is made very easy. In our case we are not going to use this type of networking since the computers that need to be connected are similar and we just want to make it possible to share resources on those four computers across the network. A workstation is a computer on which a person performs regular assignments. Any modern computer can be used as a work station. Before beginning to build a computer network you need to lay down proper plans on how the network is going to operate. When planning, you need to check the hardware parts of the computer and ensure that they meet the minimum specifications for them to operate in the network. Processor – the processor should have at least 300 MHZ. checking the processor speed of the computer you can perform the following. When the computer starts, press F2 or F8 depending on the computer model you are using so as to access the BIOS. The processor speed can be seen at the BIOS setup. When the computer is running on Windows 95 or a later version of Microsoft operating system, right click on the My Computer Icon and choose Properties. You will be able to see the processor speed there. You can also open the control panel and double-click on System RAM (Random Access Memory) – the RAM for every computer must be above 64 MB. Checking the computer’s RAM is similar to checking the computer’s processor speed. To check the computer memory perform either of the following: When the computer starts, press F2 or F8 depending on the computer model you are using so as to access the BIOS. The processor speed can be seen at the BIOS setup. When the computer is running on Windows 95 or a later version of Microsoft operating system, right click on the My Computer Icon and choose Properties. You will be able to see the processor speed there. You can also open the control panel and double-click on System Hard Drive – There should be enough space in the computer’s hard drive so that it can be possible for the installation of Windows XP. To check the remaining space open My computer and write click on the icon for computer hard drive. Choose properties and you will be able to see the remaining space on the hard drive. The hard drive space should be at least 10 GB so as to allow for the installation of the Windows XP and some basic software. In order to connect computers on the network, we can use either cable to connect or connect them using a wireless technique. Using cables is much easier and less expensive since it does not require the purchase of additional hardware. A well laid conduit for the passage of cables can be very organized that a person may not know that the connection is done using a wired method. The following items need to be purchased. RJ 45 Cat 5cable A crimping tool (though you can ask the crimping job be done for you at the store where you purchase the network cables and the RJ 45 clips) The connection can be done via serial ports. However, in case whereby you need to use more than two computers, serial connections may not be practical. Since in your case you need to interconnect four PCs, a central device like a switch, a router or a hub can be used for the connection of the computers. I would recommend the use of a switch since it’s is relatively cheaper than a router and also more intelligent than a hub. A router would be more ideal if you want to have some form of internet connection. After the installation of the operating system, you need to connect the computers so that you can be able to share resources. The cables should already have been crimped. Check the back of each computer for the NIC card. Plug the cables to the NIC card at the RJ 45 slot. The other end of the cable should be connected to a switch or a router. After connecting all the four computers, the setup should be similar to the representation shown below: Switch on all the computers and the switch. You need to change the work group name for the computers so that you have a common work group name. to change the work group name, perform the following: Right click on the MY Computers Icon on the desktop hoose properties Click on Computer Name Click on Change On the box labeled work group, rename the workgroup to a name of you choice Click okay and you will be required to restart the computer Restart the computer whenever prompted to do so Repeat this procedure for all the four computers Once all the computers have been restarted, you can start the configuration for the network Network configuration Right click on the MY Network Places Icon Choose Properties Right Click on the Icon of Local Area Connection and choose properties Click on the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click properties Click on the radio button use the following IP address In the box for IP address, type the following address: 192.168.0.1 for the first computer 192.168.0.2 for the second computer 192.168.0.3 for the third computer 192.168.0.4 for the fourth computer Click OK and the configuration will be saved NB. The last two addresses can be changed to any value of your choice but ensure that the values do not exceed 255. Once you are through with the configuration, you can share resources. To share resources perform the following: Right click on the folder or on the item to be shared Choose sharing and security Click on the link : if you understand the risk Choose the radio button – just enable file sharing Click okay and the configurations will be saved. You are now ready to share resources and access all the shared resources across the network. For wireless connections, the configuration process is the same and you have to use the router address on the box for gateway address. A wireless setup is similar to the diagram shown below: References Shelly, Gary, et al. (2003) Discovering Computers Cisco Systems, Inc., (2003) CCNA: network media types. Wendell Odom,Rus Healy, Denise Donohue. (2010) CCIE Routing and Switching. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press Odom, Wendall, (2010) CCNA Certification Guide

Night by Ellie Wiesel The Experience of a Young Boy...

The book â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel is non-fiction, which is based on Elie’s experience throughout the Holocaust as a young boy. Evidently the protagonist of this book is Elie, and he explains in detail everything that happens as he was a young â€Å"normal† child, to when he escapes from the concentration camp years later. His life before the Holocaust was very different from his life during the Holocaust. This experience led him to grow quickly and have a different perspective of life and society. Everything he witnesses forced him to mature quickly at a young age and open his eyes to all the cruelty around him. Elie Wiesel was a young Jew in 1928, which lived a â€Å"normal† life, until the Nazi Holocaust changed his life for the worst. Elie grew†¦show more content†¦When he brings his father hot coffee he thinks, â€Å"I probably brought him more satisfaction than I had done during my whole childhood.† (Wiesel and Wiesel, 101) Elieâ₠¬â„¢s main goal in the concentration camp was not to be separated from his father. Anywhere his father had to go, he would have to go after. â€Å"I first wanted to see where they would send my father. Were he to have gone to the right, I would have run after him.† (Wiesel and Wiesel, 32) Each person in the camp had the choice to work or die. â€Å"The SS officers wandered through the room, looking for strong men† (Wiesel, 35) ...†Those who were selected that day were incorporated into the Sonder Kommando, the Kommando working in the crematoria† (Wiesel and Wiesel, 35) The officers would separate the weak from strong, to then have the strong work, and then ‘weak’ would be immediately killed. Elie is heavily impacted by the forces of society. Many of the crimes committed in the camps had a big effect on him, it made him become into a person who lacks emotions. The hanging of a child in Buna, made him question God’s existence. Everyone wa s forced to walk by the hanged child and look at him in the eyes, but Elie felt no emotions, instead a man asks â€Å"Where is God now?† as the young boy struggles with his death, and a voice within Elie responds â€Å"Where is He? Here He is-He is hanging here on this gallows....† (Wiesel and Wiesel, 62) Auschwitz had a positive andShow MoreRelatedNight Essay: Examples of Night998 Words   |  4 Pagesother name.† (42) Elie Wiesel’s Night is about a young Jewish boy and his experiences through the Holocaust in the 1940’s. Any human being should never experience the hell-like terror that Elie had to go through. He is separated from his mother and his sister and is deported to Auschwitz, one of Hitler’s most depressing concentration camps. Wiesel uses night not only as the title but also as a symbol of time, a world without God, and man’s inhumanity to man. Night is defined as a time of day when

Social Psychological Concepts in the Movie Mean Girls Essay

â€Å"Social Psychological Principals in Mean Girls† The movie Mean Girls shows examples of many social-psychological principals. Three of the major social-psychological principals depicted in Mean Girls are prejudice, discrimination, and conformity. According to Social Psychology and Human Nature textbook, written by Baumeister and Bushman, prejudice is a negative feeling toward an individual bases solely on his or her membership in a particular group. Discrimination is unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. Lastly, conformity is defined as getting along with the crowd. In the movie, the main character Cady, who has been homeschooled her whole life, has become forced to learn the†¦show more content†¦She feels popular and accepted by the plastics and completely conforms to their ways. As Cady gets to know the plastics they begin to introduce her to The Burn Book. This book is a perfect example of prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice is hostile or negative feelings about people based on their membership in a certain group. Discrimination is behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group. The Burn Book was a book that singled out anyone in their school whether it was fellow students or even faculty members, and would basically list things that were wrong with that person. For example, they stated in the book that one of their newly divorced female teachers was selling drugs on the side and that certain girls were fat and ugly. Some examples would also stereotype because of a part of sports team or group those students were part of. For example, the students that were part of a more man like sports team such as lacrosse or field hockey was considered â€Å"lesbians† or â€Å"dykes†. Another scene from to movie that shows prejudice takes place while Regina is describing another girl Janis. Regina says, Janis, I cant invite you, because I think youre lesbian. I mean I couldnt have a lesbian at my party. There were going to be girls there in their *bathing suits*. I mean, right? She was a lesbian...all of her hair was cut off and she was totally weird, and now I guess shes on crack. Regina wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology of Mean Girls 1339 Words   |  5 PagesThe Psychology of Mean Girls Mean Girls, ironically my favorite movie, in my opinion clearly and comically depicts the misconceptions and stereotypes that are perceived by society of early adolescents. Stanley Hall characterized adolescence as a time of â€Å"storm and stress† and this negative image has stuck with society. As we’ve learned and discussed in class, Sigmund Freud took the concept of storm and stress a step further and developed his stages of psychosocial development but saw adolescenceRead MoreFilm Application Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Warber October 11, 2011 Film Application Paper Mean Girls Speech and communication are a very large part of life. From face to face contact to the media, concepts and theories in human communication are incorporated into daily life. There are many concepts and theories in communication, and specifically introduced in the following paper are five major components of communication. The components of culture and co-culture, non-verbal behaviors, types of listening and barriersRead MoreMean Girls : Psychological Overview765 Words   |  4 PagesMean Girls: The Psychological Overview In the movie Mean Girls, many different social psychology traits were displayed. The traits displayed included different parenting styles, role identity, and much more. The movie Mean Girls was based on 16 year old girl named Cady who has been homeschooled her whole life, and is thrown into a public high school. She begins to get involved with the schools popular groups called â€Å"The Plastics†, from here things escalate causing Cady to move in the wrong directionRead MoreMean Girls Movie Review/ Personality Psychology Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesMovie Review- Mean Girls Brooke Millett Sheridan College Personality and how we behave have been of much interest to psychologists for a long time now and because of this there have been many theories and theorists that have been developed. Personality is defined as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within and individual (Fritzley, 2012, p. 10). There are six main approaches to personality psychology they include: biological approach, humanistic approach,Read MorePerfect Sisters, The Theory That Best Applies Is Strain Theory1452 Words   |  6 Pages In the movie Perfect Sisters, the theory that best applies is strain theory. According to Siegel and Welsh (2012) â€Å"strain theory suggests that while most people share similar values and goals, such as a good education, a nice home, a great car, and stylish clothes, the ability to achieve these personal goals is stratified by socioeconomic class. While the affluent may live out the ‘American Dream,’ the poor are shut out from achieving the ir goals. Because poor kids can’t always get what they wantRead MoreThe Value Of Self And Identity1331 Words   |  6 Pages Recognize Yourself? The Taijitu also known as the Ying Yang symbol imparts the concept of two different halves that together create complete wholeness and equilibrium. Both halves are interdependent of each other and in a given case when they are not together the state of equilibrium and completion gets destroyed. Moreover, alike the Ying Yang symbol, the self and identity are linked together since each play a vital role in shaping the individual. In this case the individual represents the wholeRead MoreAnalysis of the Movie Mean Girls1037 Words   |  5 Pages Cold, shiny, hard, PLASTIC, said by Janice referring to a group of girls in the movie Mean Girls. Mean Girls is about an innocent, home-schooled girl, Cady who moves from Africa to the United States. Cady thinks she knows all about survival of the fittest. But the law of the jungle takes on a whole new meaning when she enters public high school and encounters psychological warfare and unwritten social rules that teen girls deal with today. Cad y goes from a great friend of two outcasts, JaniceRead MoreEssay on Finding Meaning in For Color Girls1232 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"†¦And this is for colored girls who have considered suicide but are moving to the end of their own rainbow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Perry: For Colored Girls, 2010). For colored girls was first written and performed as a play by Ntozake Shange in 1977. It was then called â€Å"for colored girls who have considered suicide when the rainbow was enuf†. Tyler Perry adapted and transformed it into a movie in 2010. For colored girls is centered on nine women as they encounter their fair share of neglect, abuse, pain and harassmentRead MoreFinding Nemo: Psychological Profiles of Its Characters Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know the popular family movie â€Å"Finding Nemo† a kid’s movie that tells a journey of Marlin, a father clown fish, who crosses the vast ocean to find his son Nemo. During Marlin’s journey he comes across many new and scary things, but like any good children’s movie Marlin does eventually find his son Nemo and they go back home and live happily ever after. This all sounds good right? Wrong! Looking at this movie from a psychologist point of view, or in my case a psychology students’ point of viewRead MoreMean Girls And Developmental Psychology Essay1808 Words   |  8 Pages MEAN GIRLS AND DEVELOPEMTAL PSYCHOLOGY Chinonyerem Onuoha Texas Women’s University Mean Girls and Developmental Psychology Introduction The film that I chose to do was the movie Mean Girls. This movie is filled with many funny characters and an amusing plot, but even though this movie has earned the crown of being the official â€Å"chick flick† it has a lot of psychological concepts that people really do not realize. However, when you really think about it, the movie has a lot to

Compare And Contrast Of The Me Essay Example For Students

Compare And Contrast Of The Me Essay Compare and Contrast of The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and The Stranger by Albert CamusExistentialism is defined as a philosophical movement that human beings are completely free and responsible for their own actions. Existentialists will try not to cause waves and remain completely uninvolved with anyone because they do not want to hurt anybody. There is absolutely no such thing as an existentialist because he would have to be so uninvolved to the point where he would not be able to live at all. Although the two stories: The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka and The Stranger by Albert Camus are very different in approach, their endings are similar in that they both support the basics of existentialism. The biggest difference between the two characters: Gregor and Mersault is their physical form. One has changed physically into a giant insect while the other remains a normal human being. Another difference is the situation between the characters and their mothers. Gregor wants to have a relationship with his mother but cannot because of his physical form. Mersaults mother is alive and well for part of the novel, but he does not want to take care of her or have anything to do with her. The two characters are similar in the way that they do not believe in God and will both die lonely and abandoned. Kafka creates a very lonely and abandoned world for Gregor Samsa in his short novel Metamorphosis. Gregor is an existentialist character who mutates into a giant bug without reason and no longer has any control over his life. He becomes completely uninvolved in the way that he does not talk or have any interaction with anyone inside or outside of the family. He is dehumanized. Gregors mother is disgusted by the looks of him and refuses to see or talk to him. Gregor is now lonely and abandoned by his family, does not eat and eventually dies. In the short novel The Stranger, Mersault is also an existentialistic character. He does not wish to become involved with anyone, including God and his own mother and does not have any emotion what so-ever when she dies. Although Mersault does not want to become involved with anyone, he also does not want to create waves, thus he cannot help but to say yes to a friend when he asks him for help. He becomes susceptible to the physical. Mersault takes responsibility for his actions by being executed after he commits murder.Both the stories endings support the basics of existentialism by demonstrating the following rules: responsibilities, loneliness, abandonment, no control, do not cause waves and the act of being uninvolved. Gregor and Mersault demonstrate all of these characteristics; however they do cause waves. As a result of Gregors metamorphosis his entire family must change their lives and Mersault creates waves by committing murder. Unfortunately, whether it be because of their existentialistic characteristics or not, they die.

Exchange Rate - Competitiveness and Balance of Payment Performance

Question: Discuss about the Exchange Rate, Competitiveness and Balance of Payment Performance. Answer: Introduction The main focus of the report is to analyze the balance of payments of different countries. The method of balance of payments is used by the countries to examine all the international financial transactions in a period of time. The method is calculated quarter of each year and at the end of each year. The account includes all the trade items conducted by both the public and private sectors in order to determine the amount of money is going out and in the country (Alawattage, 2009). The transaction is recorded as debit if the country has given or paid an amount of money. On the other hand, the transaction is recorded as credit if the country has received an amount of money. The balance of payment should be zero which means liabilities and assets should be balanced but in practically it rarely happens. Therefore, it helps to provide information regarding if the country has a surplus or deficit. It is divided into the following categories capital account, current account, and financial a ccount. The three categories are the sub divisions in which the accounts are recorded of different international financial transaction (Arestis, Hein and Le Heron, 2007). Main body Current account balance The balance of payment of a country includes three accounts of transactions: capital account, current account and financial account. The current account includes imports and exports of products and services and also transfers and income. It is composed of four different categories: services, merchandise trade, unilateral transfers and factor income. Therefore, if the current accounts are deficit which means the country had used more production than produced (Balance of payments and the relationship to national accounts, 2011). The trade balance and current account balance is very much sensitive to the exchange rates. `The approach of elasticity to the theory of balance of payments states that changes in the rate of exchange influence the price and consumption/resources expenditures between consumption and production of non tradables items and tradables items. However, if the currency of a country depreciates against the currency of its trading partners then the exports of that countr y would rise and the imports will fall which affects the trade balance. The prices of the products and services which decrease in the foreign current terms results in the rise in the demand of foreign product and imports become most costlier in the terms of domestic currency (Bayne and Woolcock, 2011). It subsequently diminishes the domestic demand which return creates swing in current account. According to the theories, swings of the current account balance on global prospective has developed different threads on the causes. Different approaches argued that swings are generally caused by the events such as differentials in the productivity growth, volatility in business cycle, demographic dynamics and valuation effects (Blanchflower, 2009). The optimistic view explains the swings in the current account balance as the equilibrium phenomenon which results from responses of firms and household to the world of financial and economic integration that links the countries ever closer. The situation is not so alarming because swings in the current account will self correct themselves through the interaction between political, market forces and technological over time. Inability or unwillingness of surplus nations to stimulate deficit and country having domestic demand to control overspendings, increase the probability of the hard landing with the catastrophic impacts (Clarida, 200 7). However, it is believed that if appropriate measures are taken then orderly resolution of the swings would be achievable but it is important for the government to remove the distortions that ruin the market forces. According the literatures and theories on swings in the current account balance, models of general equilibrium are used to explain the structure of current account. The important factor that leads to swings in the current account is the concept of consumer spending or economic growth which causes deterioration in current accounts because higher spending by the consumer will lead to increase in spending on imports (Cottle, 2009). The economy of UK was booming in 1980s with the rise in spending by the consumers and inflation which led to deficit on current account. However, in 2009 recession led to the temporary improvement in deficits because consumers reduced their spending which causes huge swing in the current account balances. The fluctuations in rate of exchange are one of the causes of swings in the current account balance. The depreciation in the exchange rates makes the currencies more competitive by making the exports competitive and imports expensive (Data.worldbank.org, 201 6). This will improve the position of current account and led to positive swing. However, swing would be negative or positive depends on the factors such as the price elasticity. Marshall Lerner explained the price elasticity which shows J curve effect reflecting on how the depreciation affects current account in the short terms and causes negative swings in the case of inelastic demand. The swings in the current account will be improved over time if the demand becomes elastic and led to the swing in the current balance back (Dunn and Mutti, 2004). Current account deficit A deficit in the current account happens when the value of the imports of services, investment and products is more than the values of exports. The liabilities of a country increases and the liability need to be paid back (Erratum, 2013). If the deficit amount increases then it become difficult for a country to pay back and hence it is important for the country to generate sufficient surplus current account to repay the borrowed amount. There are policies that can be adopted by the government to reduce the current account deficit. Devaluation refers to fall in the currency value against others. Devaluation in the value of currency increases the price of the importing products and demand of the imported products falls. The exports of the product become cheaper and export quantity increases (Fidrmuc and Siddiqui, 2015). Therefore, assuming that the demand is price elastic, it would be expected that devaluation lead to the improvement in exports and imports. It depends on the demand elasticity for imports and exports. According to Marshall learner, devaluation can improve the current account balance depending on the condition that demand elasticity for imports and exports is greater than 1 (Further information on UK balance of payments, 2009). Devaluation would improve the current account = PED x + PED m 1 An appreciation would ruin the current account = PED x + PED m 1 The effect on the current account generally depends on total value and not on the quantity of the exports. The demand for exports and imports remains to be inelastic in short term. Therefore, the current account ruins after the devaluation. The demand become price elastic over time and improves the current account (Further information on UK balance of payments, 2011). Deflationary policies Deflationary policies aim at decreasing the inflation rate and aggregate demand. It includes tightening of the monetary policy or fiscal policy that will decrease the aggregate demand. Monetary Policies Monetary policy with tight control includes increase in the rates of interest. High rate of interest will increase the mortgage repayments and debt cost and leaving the people with less spending. This will reduce the consumption of imported products and hence improving the current account (Holton, 2012). Therefore, higher rate of interest led to the fall in the aggregate demand and reducing the growth of economy. The issue with the monetary policy to decrease the deficit in the current account is that it increases in the rate of interest will increase the flow of cash and therefore an appreciation in the rate of exchange (Lschner et al., 2015). The appreciation increases imports and exports become less competitive. However, higher rate of interest reduce spending on the imports which improves current account. Deflationary fiscal policy The monetary policy can also be used as fiscal policy such as government can increase the income tax and this will reduce spending on the imports and consumer flexible income. The main advantage of using fiscal policy is that it does not affect the rate of exchange adversely. High income tax will improve the government finances (Medina, Prat and Thomas, 2010). Supply side policies The competitiveness of an economy can be improved with supply side polices which helps to increase the export items. Analyzing the balance of payments of UK Balance of payments is used by the countries to estimate all the international financial transactions in a period of time. According to the report, the economy of UK shows a disappointing performance. The balance from current and capital account shows negative balance. The exports and imports to first quarter of 2008 marks the start of global recession. During the global recession both imports and exports fell. However, volumes of import become higher and it also impact export volumes (Parsley and Popper, n.d.). However, the volume of import and export increased by 6.3% from 2008 to 2013, the performance was much worse than Germany and United States but better than G 7 countries. The prices of the shares falls and export volume fallen by four percent. However, the imports and exports of the product and services increases after 2009 and there is a growth in the value of the service exports. Traditionally, fall in the rate of exchange was assumed to make the exports cheaper in the fore ign markets and more imports in the domestic markets. Country Name United Kingdom Country Code LBY Indicator Name Current account balance (BoP, current US$) Indicator Code BN.CAB.XOKA.CD 2008 35701700000 2009 9380600000 2010 16800700000 2011 3192400000 2012 23836300000 2013 -108100000 The current account of balance of payments shows a modest improvement in the net trade volumes. The current account payment takes place for two reasons. The country invests heavily and a payment of the property income takes place in both the directions. The government and individuals pay transfers to different countries and to their residents. The deficit on the transfer payments has steadily increased from 0.7% to 1.5 % of GDP while the investment balance has been at the worse position after the global crisis. The deficit in balance of payment is no smaller and the country should have adopted adequate steps to make progress (Priestley and degaard, 2004). The figures given in the current balance are the difference between inaccurately and large measured inflow and inaccurately and large measured outflow. The shrinkage of import and growth of export would together be the helpful source for the demand of the UK output. The current account of balance of payments is expected to improve i n future. The financial account of balance sheet also shows negative which means foreign investment falls. The asset decreases and liabilities increases in the balance of payment in the given year. The overall deficit of BOP has increased around 4 percent in the given year which higher than the depreciation. It is clear that substantial gain in the competitiveness results from fall of the rate of exchange. However, between the year 2011 and 2013 considerable amount of profit was eroded. From the year 2008 to 2011 competiveness was lost because of the poor productivity performance of the country (Pugel, 2009). The account shows that imports and exports have flowed from depreciation. According to the research, conventional analysis depreciation has been the root of deficit. The companies produced products that can be differentiated and increase in the price of the product. The companies also chooses maximum profit strategy and profit maximizing price was set at the mark up cost. The depreciation led to fall in the costs in the foreign currency and as a result export sales increases and export prices reduced (Von Broembsen, 2012). The current account balance shows more imports and less export and there was increase in the prices of industrial and agriculture raw materials. However, despite of depreciation, deficit in the balance of payments is not small from the year 2008 to 2013. The total returns earned from composition effects the assets of United Kingdom exceeded than that of liabilities by 0.9% per annum in the period from 2008 to 2013. High capital gains are generally associated with the liabilities and assets from 2008 to 2013 that is derived by comparing the assets transactions with the reported balances (Summary of balance of payments, 2009). The external liabilities and assets of the country states that excess returns comes from the return effects rather composition effect. The return effects in 2007 amounts up to 0.3% while the composition effect was up to 0.1 percent while the composition effect is around -0.2 percentage points. The United Kingdom enjoys the favorable return on the investment that they made. Small movements in the returns on external liabilities and assets turn the surplus on the investment account into deficit. Comparison of United Kingdom, Australia and France Country Name United Kingdom Australia India Country Code LBY AUS IND Indicator Name Current account balance (BoP, current US$) Current account balance (BoP, current US$) Current account balance (BoP, current US$) Indicator Code BN.CAB.XOKA.CD BN.CAB.XOKA.CD BN.CAB.XOKA.CD 2005 14945000000 -43342943310 -10283543308 2006 22170000000 -45318593060 -9299060317 2007 28510300000 -64163007802 -8075694484 2008 35701700000 -52121667002 -30971987181 2009 9380600000 -48898407699 -26186435957 2010 16800700000 -44714246092 -54515877624 2011 3192400000 -44524758685 -62517637222 2012 23836300000 -68007540501 -91471245846 2013 -108100000 -49954786532 -49225968929 Graphical Representation Comparison of United Kingdom, Australia and India Country Name Australia United Kingdom India Country Code AUS GBR IND Indicator Name Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) Indicator Code PA.NUS.FCRF PA.NUS.FCRF PA.NUS.FCRF 2005 1.309473333 0.549998333 44.099975 2006 1.327973441 0.543486667 45.30700833 2007 1.1950725 0.499771667 41.34853333 2008 1.192178333 0.54396625 43.50518333 2009 1.28218881 0.641919263 48.40526667 2010 1.090159486 0.647179346 45.72581212 2011 0.969463201 0.624140836 46.67046667 2012 0.965801031 0.633046989 53.43723333 2013 1.035843097 0.639660578 58.59784542 2014 1.109363293 0.607729627 61.02951446 Graphical Representation Analysis of BoP Balance of payment is considered to be one of the primary aspects to identify and determine the financial position of the country. The balance of payment theory of exchanges rate currently determined and identify that the price of the foreign exchange market is related to the term of the domestic money and is current identified and analyze by the free force of the demand and supply on the foreign exchange market. From the analysis of the data of the three countries Australia, United Kingdom and India it is clear and evident that the United Kingdom is at the better position, following the country is Australia which holds a much better balance of payment when compared with India (Summary of balance of payments, 2009). The balance of payment is considered to be one of the major aspects of the economic condition of the company. The theory related to the balance of payment and foreign exchange is interrelated with each other. It generally follows the exterior value of the nation currency which will rely o the demand and supply of the currency. The theory related to this topic is primarily refers to the overall key force of the demand and supply which are determined by several key item in the balance of payment in the country. According to the key theory, a decrease in the balance of payment leads to the overall decrease n the exchange rate. On the other hand the increase in the overall increase in the balance of payment increase the overall strength of the country regarding exchange rate value which will result in the overall increase in the price of the home currency in term of foreign current. Therefore, the cost of foreign money as far as domestic currency should ascent, i.e., the swapping scale of the domestic currency should fall. Then again, a surplus in a critical position of BOP infers a more prominent demand for home currency in a foreign nation than the accessible supply. Therefore, the cost of domestic currency as far as foreign currency increases, i.e., the rate of exchange moves forward (Stamatopoulos and Harissis, 2010). To put it plainly, the BoP hypothesis essentially holds that the exchange rates are dictated by the Balance of payment hinting demand and supply positions of foreign exchange in the nation concerned. All things considered, the hypothesis is additionally assigned as "Demand Supply Theory." The hypothesis attests that, the rate of exchange is the capacity of the supply of and demand for foreign money and not solely the capacity of costs getting between two nations as declared by the Purchasing Power Parity Theory which does not consider undetectable things. As per the Balance of payment hypothesis, the demand for foreign exchange emerges from the "debit" things to be determined of Balance of payment, while, the supply of foreign exchange emerges from the "credit" things. Since the hypothesis expect that the demand for and supply of foreign money are controlled by the position of the Balance of payment, it infers that supply and request are resolved predominantly by components that are autonomous of varieties in the rate of exchange or the fiscal strategy (Savona, Kirton and Oldani, 2011). As per the hypothesis, given demand supply plans, their convergence decides the balance exchange scale of cash. It ought to be noticed that the lower the cost of a money, the more noteworthy will be the demand for it, and in this way, the demand bend inclines descending. Then again, the supply bend slants upward from left to right demonstrating that a bringing down of the estimation of cost of the money tends to get its supply. Conclusion The report focuses on the balance of payments of different countries. Balance of payments is used by the countries to evaluate all the international financial transactions in a period of time. The current account balance and financial account balance of UK shows negative balance during the year 2008 to 2013. The balance of payment shows the current account, financial account and capital account. The balance of payment of UK shows good performance in comparison to Australia and India. The balance of payment of India shows the least performance in comparison to UK and Australia. Therefore, BOP helps to provide detailed information regarding the economic condition of the countries. References Alawattage, U. (2009). Exchange Rate, Competitiveness and Balance of Payment Performance.Staff Studies, 35(1). Arestis, P., Hein, E. and Le Heron, E. (2007).Aspects of modern monetary and macroeconomic policies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Balance of payments and the relationship to national accounts. (2011).United Kingdom Balance of Payments: The Pink Book, 2011(1), pp.139-141. Bayne, N. and Woolcock, S. (2011).The new economic diplomacy. Farnham, England: Ashgate Pub. 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