Chuang Tzu s Basic Writings Essay - 1558 Words

Chuang Tzu’s Basic Writings, with his idea of â€Å"the way† which is effortless and ineffable, seem to suggest a minimalist take on government. The Daoist philosophy present in the text has no room for organized hierarchy or unified morality in the understanding of the world. This leaves no room for government whose laws and bureaucracy are based on codified morality and hierarchy. The government must also allow its citizens to practice the wu-wei, which means the government would have to allow individual freedom. Thus the only suitable form of government following â€Å"the way† would be a limited structure emphasizing individual morality—essentially a libertarian form of government. There is a lack of hierarchy in Chuang Tzu’s Daoism due to the belief in the indistinguishable position of the individual to the rest of humanity and humanity to all the world. This is evident in â€Å"The Dream and The Butterfly† in which Chuang Tzu shows that the perspective of a human is no truer than the perspective of a butterfly. In the fable, Chuang Tzu’s questioning of which organism is the reality and which is the dream blurs the distinction between humanity and nature. This is consistent with Chuang Tzu’s belief that humanity is one with nature, meaning that human government should reflect the form of hierarchy present in the natural world. Such a belief in the most natural sense of hierarchy would at first suggest that â€Å"the way† is a path of egalitarianism; however, this belief that, in nature,Show MoreRelatedReligion Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pagesearly Taoist book, including the Chuang Tzu and the Lao Tzu, is in fact an anthology of work by many writers. That the Chuang Tzu is a compilation has long been generally agreed, but to deny that the Lao Tzu is homogeneous is still widely decried as heresy. Nevertheless a growing body of scholarship supports, with careful and impressive documentation, the statement of Fung Yu-lan that both the Chuang Tzu and the Lao Tzu are really collections of Taoist writings and sayings, made by differing personsRead MoreEssay on Taoism1326 Words   |  6 PagesTaoism Taoism originated in China during the 300s BC. It has been part of the Chinese culture for 2,000 years. It was during the same time period as Confucianism, but had opposite ideas and morals, yet it was equally as important as Confucianism in Chinese history. Taoism began as a reaction to historical situations(c1), and became a philosophy of the natural way. The word Tao actually means road or way. Taoism has had a large impact on art and literature, and had been greatlyRead MoreEssay on Taoism: The Balance of Nature and Humans1876 Words   |  8 Pages Taoism has many profound theories which can be difficult to understand. Taoism is a balanced relationship between humans and nature. 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A Study on Financial Performance Analysis at Vijay...

A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS aT [pic] [pic] A Project report submitted to Osmania University in partial fulfillment of the Requirements For the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Submitted By Folasayo Adesioye HT.NO 073-07-189 Under the guidance of Ms. NAZIA ULFATH (Asst. Professor) [pic] MOGHAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (Affiliated to Osmania University) BANDLAGUDA, HYDERABAD – 500005. 2007 - 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project report titled â€Å"A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS† is submitted by me to Osmania University is a bonafide work undertaken by me and it is not submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of†¦show more content†¦| | |CHAPTER II |2.1 Review of Literature |12-15 | |CHAPTER III |PROFILE |16-35 | | | 3.1 Industry Profile | | | | 3.2 Company Profile | | |CHAPTER IV |DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION |36-85 | |CHAPTER V |FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS |86-91 | | | | | | | 5.1 Findings | | | | 5.2 Suggestions | | | |CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY |92-95 | | |6.1Show MoreRelatedFinancial Statement Analysis9766 Words   |  40 PagesPage - 1 of 24 Financial Statement Analysis. Abstract Financial Statements are summaries of monetary data about an enterprise. 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Little Albert free essay sample

To support the theory that environment is more powerful than genetics, Watson designed an experiment on an infant commonly known as the Little Albert experiment. This experiment focused on Ivan Pavlov’s process of classical conditioning. Watson believed and wanted to prove that all human psychology can be explained by this process (McLeod, 2008). The other studies that I will be comparing the Little Albert experiment to will be â€Å"Elevated fear conditioning to socially relevant unconditioned stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder† (Lissek, Levson, Biggs, et all, 2008) and the study of Pavlov’s dogs (Pavlov, 1928). These studies will enable me to make a justified evaluation of the Little Albert study by making comparisons to these two other studies. The Little Albert experiment was conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920. They chose nine month old Baby Albert for the study because Albert had been reared almost from birth in Harriet Lane home for Invalid Children where his mother was a wet nurse. Albert was deemed extremely stable and well developed which determined his suitability for the experiment (McLeod, 2007). The focus of their study was to continue on from Pavlov’s experiment involving the classical conditioning of dogs, and determine whether this empirical evidence was also evident in humans (Watson, 1924). More specifically, they were focusing on conditioned emotional responses. In determining these aspects they conducted a series of different tests involving a variation of stimulus. Before the experiment commenced, they gave Albert a sequence of baseline tests to determine his initial fear responses to stimuli. They presented him with burning paper, a monkey, a dog, cotton wool, a fur coat (seal), various masks and a white rat. During the baseline, Albert showed no initial fear to these items. Throughout the study these items (fluffy white objects) served as the independent variables. The dependant variable was whether or not Albert cried or showed distress. During the study Albert was positioned on a mattress on a table. Albert was presented with a white rat and just as he reached out to touch it, a metal bar was struck with a hammer behind him. Albert jumped and fell forward, burring his head into the mattress, but did not cry. After these two stimuli were paired on several occasions, Albert was presented with only the white rat. As the rat appeared in front of him he became distressed and turned away, puckered his lips, began to cry and crawled away (Watson, 1924). From this, it became obvious that Albert’s fear had been conditioned. Albert had associated the white rat with a loud noise producing fear, thus having conditioned fear of the white rat. The experiment showed that Little Albert generalized his response from furry animals to anything furry. Albert showed the same reactions as the initial experiment when Watson presented him with a furry dog, seal-skin coat and even a Santa-Claus mask (Watson, 1924). The way in which Albert’s responses were measured was through the amount of distress to the stimuli he presented. The Little Albert study is a highly popular study especially across the field of Psychology. Although the study has provided valuable knowledge and understanding of learned behaviours and the development of phobias, it’s procedures considering ethics are questionable. The fact that Albert was only nine months old deems this study unethical. Albert’s mother was obviously desperate for money to support her son, so the bribe of money probably out-weighted the possible harm caused to her son. Albert’s mother probably wasn’t entirely aware of the potential risks involved. Albert’s fear was supposed to be extinguished at the end of the experiment, but he moved away. Other ethical codes that have been violated in this study are that of the distress that it caused. Little Albert was never desensitized from the conditioning undergone meaning that because he had a conditioned fear of white furry objects, he would forever be terrified of white furry objects (Watson, 1924). In today’s code of ethics, the welfare of the participant/s is the most important factor and under no circumstances should this protection be hindered, unless the participant has given consent to be put under this distress. It is also now deemed unethical to purposely cause distress to a participant in laboratory circumstances (Weiten, 2008). These unethical procedures could have been corrected quite simply. In the study of fear conditioning in people with social anxiety disorder, they conducted what called an extinction process where the participants were desensitized from any fear conditioning that took part throughout the experiment (Lissek, Levson, Biggs, et al, 2008). This experiment is clearly ethical as it was only conducted in 2008 and would have had to have been passed by the ethics board in order to be conducted. The Little Albert study is a valid study; however it was not measured effectively. The way in which Little Albert’s fear was measured was just whether or not he cried or showed distress. The way in which they measured this could have been improved in order to get more valid and reliable results. In this case, the studies operational definition was not valid. The Little Albert study could have used apparatus in order to get more valid results. For example, they could have measured Albert’s fear by assessing his skin conductivity. This would have measured Albert’s distress through measuring the arousals in his skin i. e. weat. They also could have used the blink-startle response measurement as used in â€Å"Elevated fear conditioning to socially relevant unconditioned stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder† (Lissek, Levson, Biggs, et al, 2008). This method measures how much the participant blinks when presented with a stimuli. If the participant is startled (scared) by something, they will blink a lot more than if they are not startled. The re liability of the Little Albert study is not strong. If the same study was conducted today, the same results would not be found. Little Albert’s responses to the stimuli that he was presented with could have been a result of his general fear of animals, not that he conditioned a fear of white fluffy objects. Most people would agree with me when I say that if you were a nine month old baby and an animal was jumping up at your face, you would be scared and would become distressed. Being a nine month old baby, Albert also could have just been tired, bored, and hungry or just missed his Mother. None of these factors were accounted for during the trials. If the same study was conducted today, it would become extremely obvious that times have changed and so too should the design of the study. The reliability of the experiment is hindered by the fact that the method of measurement is simply observation and there is no concrete evidence being analysed. For example if they were to measure brain activity or use the blink-startle reaction measurement, these results would be a lot more concrete and therefore the study would be classed a lot more reliable. In comparison, the 1928 study of Pavlov’s dogs (Pavlov, 1928) is a lot more reliable even though it is only a few years newer than the Little Albert study. If Pavlov’s experiment was replicated today, very similar if not the same results would be found. The fact that Pavlov used concrete methods of measuring his data deemed his study a lot more reliable. If he was to measure the amount that the dogs salivate by just observing them, it would not be as valid. To conclude, through the evaluation of the Little Albert study and comparison to â€Å"â€Å"Elevated fear conditioning to socially relevant unconditioned stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder† (Lissek, Levson, Biggs, et al, 2008) and Pavlov’s dogs (Pavlov, 1928) it has come to my attention that the Little Albert study does not comply to today’s code of ethics, the reliability is not strong and could be improved on however it is a valid study, but the operational definition could be improved. I feel that the contributions to knowledge of conditioned fear are valuable to society and has proved useful in various situations and other studies. Future studies on this topic would prove extremely valuable to society and our understanding on fear conditioning. References McLeod, S. A. (2007). Simply Psychology; Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved 3 April 2012

The Most Unusual Child free essay sample

Eight pastel colored marshmallows bobbed around the teal tinted milk, clinging to the walls of the white ceramic bowl, attempting to dodge the many relentless attacks of the nefarious spoon. My callow young hands grasped the foreign silver oval on a stick and plunged it into the depths of the white abyss, finally scooping up my meticulously thought out and desired victims, the green four leaf clover and the distorted eggplant colored horseshoe. Every single tiny piece of sugarcoated oats and â€Å"ugly† marshmallows of Lucky Charms cereal had been excavated in a particular order and confronted their doom of my under-bitten teeth. Three individually selected marshmallows remained as if they were survivors aboard lifeboats of the Titanic: the cotton candy pink heart, the crimson balloon, and the rainbow. My heart reached out to these carefully gleaned treats, but my tummy growled louder, and the heart and balloon became necessary casualties. Alone in an empty bowl and surrounded by colorlessness, the rainbow charm was a symbol of hope and vibrancy that even at the age of four I could not take away. We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Unusual Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every morning I left a rainbow Lucky Charm marshmallow in my cereal bowl.There are benefits to being unusual. Since I was a baby and stood up for the first time, not to attempt walking but to dance on a table, I have never been one with the generic crowd. My dad has always called me â€Å"the most unusual child†, probably because most young girls do not own two pet squirrels, or take up the flying trapeze, nor do they compete in swimming on a national level. But I am lucky to have been raised in an environment where individuality and creativity are encouraged, and compassion and gratitude are traits instituted in me instead of the temptation of becoming ignorant or ungrateful. Sure, I could be the only senior girl who has walked into her high school bathroom and discreetly picked up a large spider off the ground to bring it outside to prevent it from being purposely trampled by inconsiderate peers, but standing unaccompanied and being myself is always better than standing by and watching that spider be pointlessly killed. All my life I have felt an affinity towards those who courageously stand alone, even a spider or rainbow marshmallow, because I am one of them. However, just because I stand alone does not mean I am lonely.Fortunately, being unique has not made me a hermit with low self-esteem, nor a confused and easily intimidated pushover who lacks the confidence to stand out, but it has taught me a sense of significance in not just myself, but everyone. I was born to be a leader. From organizing huge games of freeze tag on the recess yard to being one of the ten students leading my class this year on a retreat called Kairos, leadership and service are integral parts of who I am and will always be. Understanding my surroundings and truly seeing the qualities and feelings of those around me is an ability not everyone is born with, but one I was blessed with.Besides being compassionate, the most important lesson I have learned in my young life is to be curious. I will never stop asking questions, and I have never settled for all of my questions being answered. One summer day my observant friend told me something about myself that I will never forget. â€Å"You know a lot of strange facts, Maureen† this was probably because I just informed her that the lemon she squeezed in her glass of water actually contained more sugar than the strawberries on her plate. Her point was proven by flipping through the Google history on my cell phone, which contained questions varying from â€Å"How do I get tree sap off my skin?† to â€Å"How much fiber is in flaxseed?† to â€Å"What does ‘kumbaya’ mean?† To this day I am never afraid to ask questions and gain new knowledge, even if it might be a little bit out of the ordinary.Every body should express who they are and not hide, and personality should bend but not break in a society where people must act or look a certain way to be accepted. I have learned to not be the cowardly girls in the bathroom stomping on an innocent spider, or the boring sugarcoated oats in Lucky Charms, but to be the brave spider or the single vibrant marshmallow left in the cereal bowl. I will just be myself, because everyone else is taken.